You're not expected to be a paramedic. But a few calm basics can genuinely keep someone alive in the minutes before the ambulance arrives, and they're easy to remember.
There's a simple checklist the professionals use: DR ABC — Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation. Check it's safe (Danger), see if they respond (Response), make sure their airway is clear (Airway), check they're breathing (Breathing), and deal with any serious bleeding (Circulation).
Two things to hold onto. Don't move a casualty unless they're in immediate danger — moving someone with a hidden neck or back injury can make it worse. And never remove a motorcyclist's helmet unless you absolutely must to keep them breathing. When in doubt: keep them still, keep them warm, keep talking to them.
The bits that matter
- Follow DR ABC: Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation.
- Don't move a casualty unless they're in immediate danger.
- Don't remove a motorcyclist's helmet unless it's essential for breathing.
Memory anchor
DR ABC: Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation
Five letters, in order: Danger (is it safe?), Response (can they hear you?), Airway (is it clear?), Breathing (are they breathing?), Circulation (any serious bleeding?). DR ABC walks you calmly through the first minutes — no medical degree required.
Out on the road
The casualty who's conscious but shaken
Someone's out of their car after a knock, conscious but dazed. You don't haul them about — you keep them still, put a coat over them for warmth and shock, and stay talking to them while the ambulance comes. Calm company and keeping them warm is real, useful first aid.
The mistake everyone makes
Moving someone who should be left still
It feels caring to move an injured person to comfort — but if they've hurt their neck or back, moving them can do lasting harm. Unless there's fire or oncoming traffic, leave them where they are, keep them warm and talk to them. Stillness is often the kindest help.